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As a result of gaining an empire in the Americas, Spain became extremely wealthy without actually having to do any work. The Spanish aristocracy in particular got the notion that working for a living was demeaning. That meant that things went downhill for them very fast.
The absolute peak of Spanish power came under Charles V in the early 1500's. The Protestant Reformation in the 1520's was the first real challenge to that power, and caused Spain to pour more and more of its energies into crushing the heretics. (Sound familiar?) Under King Philip, Spain was still the dominant power in Europe, but the rebellion of the Netherlands and the defiance of Elizabethan England in the later 1500's -- climaxing in the destruction of the Spanish Armada in 1588 -- provided the crucial turning-point.
All through the 1600's, Spain slid increasingly into cultural decadence, while France became the new dominant power. By 1700, the Spanish royal family was dying out, and the Spanish throne had become a prize for the other European nations to go to war over. (France won.) In the 1700's, Spain remained backward, conservative, and under the thumb of the Inquisition. The fact that her American colonies didn't break away until after 1800 didn't matter, because they were no longer a source of wealth.
I really hope that Spain doesn't prove to be a model for the fate of the US, because Spain still hasn't recovered from its long period of decline. However, Spanish history has been like that for thousands of years -- relatively brief periods when its position as a gateway between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic made it a hub of cultural development, followed by centuries when it was just a sleepy backwater. I think the US has more natural advantages than that and, given a fair chance, should be able to recover fairly quickly from any decline.
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