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Volcker raising the federal funds rate and the prime interest rate had more to do with ending the 1980 recession than the tax policies of Reagan. The problem with your debate partner is that he or she doesn't understand how recessions can come about.
The 1980 recession was due to inflation that had been generated over the past decade, in large part from the energy crises in 1973 and 1979. To increase the value of currency, Volcker promoted a contraction in the money supply. Because Federal spending did not decrease in 1980 and 1981 (it actually increased), its a pretty big stretch to claim that the tax cuts Reagan pushed had a similar effect with regards to fiscal policy. The current economic climate is due, in large part, to deflation in several key markets (Housing being the largest). Asset prices have fallen and the dollar has gotten stronger. This requires an expansionary monetary and fiscal policy (cutting rates, increasing government spending, lowering taxes on people who spend the most). People who are calling for a spending freeze, and other contractionary measures, know little about macroeconomics.
Government spending in general causes inflation, and there has been no time in contemporary American history that government spending has gone down compared to Real GDP. This is most often countered by contractionary policies implemented by the Federal Reserve. Tell the person to research Federal spending since the Great Depression. He or she will find that it has kept a fairly steady upward pace regardless of which party controls Congress. The same is true with respect to whether the President is a Republican or Democrat at the time.
The specter of inflation is being overblown currently, because there is little evidence that the current levels of increased government spending will overshoot the amount of money that is being drained out of the economy due to depressed prices. If anything, it might be too little. Regardless, the Fed is in a good position to combat inflation once the recession ends, since rates are at historic lows.
On business taxes, it depends on what they mean by "go overseas". If the person is referring to outsourcing, they should realize that the corporate rate has been at fairly historic lows throughout the decade, along with a plethora of loopholes, and we've seen a consistently high degree of outsourcing during that same period.
If they're referring to capital flight (when money/assets rapidly flow out of a country), then it makes for a nice bumper sticker, but doesn't have any bearing on history. Capital flight occurs largey in developing nations or nations that see large increases in their debt to GDP ratio (like Argentina in 2001, which went from 35% to 65% in half a decade) or when countries offer extremely low interest rates. It's also extremely difficult for a firm to pick up and move its operations from one country to another. It's not simply the case of opening up a PO Box in the Cayman Islands and having your revenue go there. Those are just subsidiary tax havens.
All that aside, what determines capital investment is expected profitability. Small increases in the corporate tax rate have very little impact on determining this expectation.
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