New fuel discovered that reversibly stores solar energy

By Yun Xie | Published 5 days ago


Since the 1970s, chemists have worked on storing solar energy in molecules that change state in response to light. These photoactive molecules could be the ideal solar fuel, as the right material should be transportable, affordable, and rechargeable. Unfortunately, scientists haven’t had much success. One of the best examples in recent years, tetracarbonly-diruthenium fulvalene, requires the use of ruthenium, which is rare and expensive. Furthermore, the ruthenium compound has a volumetric energy density (watt-hours per liter) that is several times smaller than that of a standard lithium-ion battery.

Alexie Kolpak and Jeffrey Grossman from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology propose a new type of solar thermal fuel that would be affordable, rechargeable, thermally stable, and more energy-dense than lithium-ion batteries. Their proposed design combines an organic photoactive molecule, azobenzene, with the ever-popular carbon nanotube.

Before we get into the details of their proposal, we’ll quickly go over how photoactive molecules store solar energy. When a photoactive molecule absorbs sunlight, it undergoes a conformational change, moving from the ground energy state into a higher energy state. The higher energy state is metastable (stable for the moment, but highly susceptible to energy loss), so a trigger—voltage, heat, light, etc.—will cause the molecule to fall back to the ground state. The energy difference between the higher energy state and the ground state (termed ΔH) is then discharged. A useful photoactive molecule will be able to go through numerous cycles of charging and discharging.

The challenge in making a solar thermal fuel is finding a material that will have both a large ΔH and large activation energy. The two factors are not always compatible. To have a large ΔH, you want a big energy difference between the ground and higher energy state. But you don’t want the higher energy state to be too energetic, as it would be unstable. Instability means that the fuel will have a small activation energy and be prone to discharging its stored energy too easily.

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http://arstechnica.com/science/news/2011/07/a-new-fuel-that-reversibly-stores-solar-energy.ars

To produce electricity or do work, we need to integrate additional devices.

Good for applications needing heat. I wonder if there are solid state schemes that can store solar energy as electrical charge.

:shrug:

In layman terms, just what is "GLYPH" H refer to. (I don't think I have an advance scientific set of glyphs on my computer, I guess you will know what I mean.)

Thanks

For layman's purpose, just call it energy. Here, ΔH means the difference in energy between two states of the molecules -- when heat is added, the molecule is pushed into a higher energy state; when the molecule drops back into a lower energy state, the energy is re-released.

(Technically, enthalpy is the energy plus pressure/volulme work at constant pressure -- since it's easiest to work at constant pressure, chemists and engineers often work with enthalpy, rather then other energy terms.)

on edit: I noticed after posting that my HTML symbol for capital delta was changed, so I don't know if it will show up or not.

Is there anything they cant do?

It's a medium for storing energy. It doesn't have to be burned to release the energy. If the material in a storage battery (cell) isn't labeled a fuel, this shouldn't be either.