ELKO, Nev. - Just outside the chasm of North America's biggest open-pit gold mine, there is an immense, ever-flowing oasis in the middle of the Nevada desert. It is an idyllic and isolated spot where migratory birds often alight for a stopover. But hardly anything about it is natural.
This is water pumped from the ground by Barrick Gold of Toronto to keep its vast Goldstrike mine from flooding, as the world's third-largest gold company carves a canyon 1,600 feet below the level of northern Nevada's aquifer.
Nearly 10 million gallons a day draining away in the driest state in the nation - and the fastest growing one - is just one of the many strange byproducts of Nevada's tangled love affair with gold.
An extensive review of government documents and court records, and scores of interviews with scientists and present and former mine industry workers and regulators, show that an absence of federal guidelines, of the sort that are commonplace for coal or oil, allowed gold miners wide latitude to operate here in the desert, perhaps more than any other American industry.
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