Boy I'm so glad she brought this up!!!!!!!!
The Shock Doctrine: Setting up South Africa/Screwing Mandela chapter 10
Naomi Kleins writes...pg 199
I went to South africa to try to understand what had happened in the transition, in those key years between 1990 and 1994, to make Mandela take a route that he had described so unequivocally as "inconceivable".
pg 200
South Afica's whites had failed to keep blacks from taking over the government, but when it came to safeguarding the wealth they had amasses under apartheid, they wouldn't give up so easily.
In these talks, the de Klerk government had a two-fold strategy. First, drawing on the ascendant Washington Consensus that there was now only one way to run an economy, it portrayed
whole sectors of economic decision making as "technical" or "administrative." Then it used a wide range of new policy tools-international trade agreements, innovations in constitutional law and structural adjustment programs- to hand control over to those power centers to supposedly impartial experts, economists and officials from the IMF, the World Bank, the GATT and the National Party-anyone except the liberation fighters from the ANC. It was a strategy of balkanization, not of the country's geography(as de Klerk had originally attempted) but of it's economy!
The result......pg 203
Want to redistribute land? Impossible-at the last minute, the negotiators agreed to add a clause to the new constitution that protects all private property, making land reform virtually impossible. Want to create jobs for millions of unemployed workers? Can't-hundreds of factories were actually about to close becasue the ANC had signed on the GATT, the precursor to the World Trade Organization, which made it illegal to subsidize the auto plants and textile factories. Want to get free AIDS drugs to the townships, where disease is spreading with terrifying speed? That violates an intellectual property rights commitment under the WTO, which the ANC signed with no public debate as a continuation of the GATT. Need money to build more and larger houses for the poor and to bring free electricity to the townships? Sorry-the budget is being eaten up servicing the massive debt, passed on quietly by the apartheid government. Print more money? Tell that to the apartheid era central bank. Free water for all? Not likely. The World bank, with it's large in-country contingent of economists, researchers and trainers (a self proclaimed "Knowlege Bank"), is making private-sector service jobs the norm. Want to impose currency controls to guard against wild speculation? That would violate the $850 million IMF deal, signed, conveniently enough, right before the elections. Raise the minimum wage to close the apatheid gap? Nope. The IMF deal promises "wage constraint." And don't even think about ignoring these committments-any change will be regarded as evidence of a dangerous national untrustworthiness, a lack of committment to "reform", an absence of a "rules-base system". All of which will lead to currency crashes, aid cuts and capital flight. The bottom line was the South Africa was free but simultanously captured; each one of these arcane acronyms represented a different thread in the web that pinned down the limbs of the new government.
A longtime anti-apartheid activist, Rassool Snyman, described the trap to me in stark terms. "They never freed us. they only took the chains from around our neck and put it on our ankles."
While it is true that the Washington Consensus started making plans to set-up South Africa at Davos in 1992 before Bill Clinton became President, it is also true that the raping of this new democracy went on for years way into the 90's. Since we have no access to private conversations between Clinton and Mandela we will never know if Bill Clinton tried to help his friend. Especially since the Clintons continue to refuse to discuss anything about the trade agreements they pushed through the Congress!