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In the spring and summer of 1932, disgruntled, broke, and unemployed veterans like Angelo got the idea to demand payment on the future worth of the aforementioned certificates. Anywhere from 17,000 to 25,000 former doughboys formed a Bonus Expeditionary Force (BEF), otherwise known as the "Bonus Army," and-bonus certificates in hand-they marched on Washington to picket Congress and President Herbert Hoover.

While they may have fought in Europe as an integrated army, the men of the BEF did not invite Jim Crow to this battle. Arriving from all over the country, alone or with wives and children, both black and white veterans of huddled together, mostly across the Potomac River from the Capitol, in what were called "Hoovervilles," in honor of the president who adamantly refused to hear their pleas.

The House of Representatives passed the Patman Bill for veterans' relief on June 15, 1932, but the bill met defeat in the Senate just two days later. More vets swarmed into the nation's capital. Shacks, tents, and lean-tos continued to spring up everywhere, and the government and newspapers decided to play the communist trump card for the umpteenth time. Despite the fact that the BEF was made up of 95 percent veterans, the entire group were labeled "Red agitators" -- tantamount to declaring open season on an oppressed group of U.S. citizens. Right on cue, Hoover called out the troops...led by three soon-to-be textbook heroes.

...The U.S. Army assault integrated four troops of cavalry, four companies of infantry, a machine gun squadron, and six tanks. When asked by BEF leader Walter Waters if the Hoovervilles campers would be "given the opportunity to form in columns, salvage their belongings, and retreat in an orderly fashion,"

MacArthur replied: "Yes, my friend, of course." But, after marching up Pennsylvania Avenue, MacArthur's soldiers lobbed tear gas and brandished bayonets as they set fire to some of the tents. In a flash, the whole BEF encampment was ablaze.